Interactive Training Modules in Microcontrolling and Microprocessing Essay

Computer Engineering Department lacks equipment when it comes to new kinds of microcontrollers and modules. Developing interactive training modules is our proposed solution to that problem. This interactive training module will be a medium to help students and enable them to get ideas on how to do their projects. This project presents the Interactive Training Modules for Microcontrolling and Microprocessing. It consists of combinations of different modules that are used for training that is available in the market and an interactive manual. The main objectives of this project is to have a low cost training module for Computer Engineering Department that can be used as an educational material in teaching basic microcontrolling and microprocessing to give the students ideas in creating their own projects. The interactive training modules will consist a microcontroller and different types of sensors, input/output devices, motors, and communication modules. Each module will have several easy to understand educational experiments and other using the combination of different modules. The interactive manual will contain all the instructions for the experiment, information about the microcontroller and other details that can be very helpful for the user of the trainer. A Gizduino (Arduino based microcontroller) will be used for this project because of being a low-cost microcontroller and easy to understand programming language which is C-based. We decided to purchase a ready made and low cost trainer that is easy to use and will have an additional feature like having a Ethernet Shield that can be used in controlling other modules. B. Statement of the problem The proponents aim to present the general problem and specific problems. Microprocessing and Microcontrolling have become important over a wide range of applications from hobby, manufacturing, surgery until to the handling of hazardous materials. Consequently, it’s important to understand how they work, and what problems exist in designing effective project interactive training modules. In designing interactive training modules, we must understand it requires a lot of knowledge and basic information about the modules. From other research and studies, there are several problems statements that are clarify and noticed †¢Cost Initially, the cost for purchasing an interactive training module is very expensive. A quality and suitable materials for this project will cost a lot of budget and it’s clearly not affordable. This will cause a difficulty for educational purposes and many students and instructors will find lots of difficulties in doing their studies and research. Thus this project will help them to deliver a better understanding about the basic operation and functions of a Microprocessor and Microcontroller. †¢Hardware system To construct a interactive module, there are few procedures to be considered which are process etching, installating component, soldering process, testing and troubleshooting. If the constructed circuit does not function, troubleshooting must be done, thus it needs a lot of focus and knowledge about circuit process. †¢System integration Technically, it is always difficult to integrate the hardware and software. There are many ways to integrate the system to function according to instructions that are given. Loads of research and studies must be done in order to achieve the expected result for this project. Also this study provides answers to the following questions: †¢What are the problems encountered by the students and instructors in using the existing instructional tools available for the Computer Engineering Department? †¢What are the solutions that can be provided to address the problems? C. Objectives of the study The objectives of this project are: i.To have an up-to-date and low cost training module that can be used by the Computer Engineering students. ii.To produce an interactive training manual as a guide for educational purpose. iii.To build and develop both the training modules hardware and software system that could be integrated to support the application system of a basic microcontroller and microprocessor. D. Scope and Delimitation Basically the scope of this project will be the following: i.Doing research and development for the project. ii.Gathering informative source about the topic from multiple source such as books, journals, internet and also magazines. iii.Start developing and installing the materials for the hardware. iv.Integrating the developed hardware and software. v.Doing performance testing to the developed project. E. Significance of the Study This project would be beneficial for the following: i.Instructors: It will provide sample in discussing how to create projects that need microcontrolling and microprocessing, it can also be used as an instructional tool for the laboratory experiments on employing effective learning in their class. ii.Students: It will serve as a basis of reference for conducting study and a way of training themselves in basic microcontrolling and microprocessing. iii.Campus: It will provide better method of teaching new technologies to Computer Engineering students. iv.Researchers: It will serve as a future reference on the subject of Microcontroller and Microprocessor. F. Definition of Terms Arduino – is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy to use hardware and software. Ethernet – is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). Interactive – Accepting input from a human. Interactive computer systems are programs that allow users to enter data or commands. Most popular programs, such as word processors and spreadsheet applications. Microcontroller – A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated  µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microprocessor – incorporates the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Module – A self-contained assembly of electronic components and circuitry, such as a stage in a computer that is installed as a unit. Motor – A device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy, especially an internal-combustion engine or an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric current into mechanical power. Sensors – A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.

Ethics in Islam

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islamic Perception of Business Ethics and the Impact of Secular Thoughts on Islamic Business Ethics Muhammad Hashim Lecturer Government College of Management Science, Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan Abstract The purpose of this paper is to exhibit the business ethics perception in Islam and to unveil the western secular values and thoughts regarding ethics. We have presented the various repeatedly verses from Holy Quran and teachings of the Prophet.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. Especially Muslims are striving for much profit and they are ignoring the ethical standard of the business, what Islam prohibits and what permits they don’t care. Being Muslims we have to follow the rules and regulation for business dealings which stated by Islamic jurisprudence the business will sustain its image and will be able to survive.Keywords Business ethics, Islam, Perception, Western thoughts, Quran, Ahadith, Islamic jurisprudence. 1. Introduction: In today’s modern business each business enterprise is fettered to follow the ethical perspective of the business language because no business activity can be best managed and organized without knowing sound Islamic business ethics especially for Muslims. Because the holy Quran says â€Å" Allah has made business legitimate for you† If a person knows about the wide range of issues which are confederated with all the function of marketing so then he/she can best manage the overall business with splendid ways.If we talk about ethics a clear picture comes to our mind about the behavioral aspect of the business person or mangers that how he is going to deal c ustomer in best and suitable manner. If the sentiment of ethics is prevail in the 98 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 mind of entrepreneur then surely he can never deceive the customer at all. Imprudent behavior in this regard may damage or collapse the overall business goodwill and reputation.The tradition of prophet (May peace be upon him) states â€Å"The Muslims are bound by their provisions or stipulations† ( Abu Daud, Hadith No:3120) about infielder and hypocrite who break down the promise the tradition of Holy prophet states thus â€Å" the hypocrite is not a promise person if he makes promise he breaks it and if he makes compact, he act traitorously† (Bukhari,1 hadith No: 32) In country like ours we must follow the Islamic jurisprudence regarding business dealing and the way of conducting daily and routine business transactions. In this behalf we can fo llow the instructions and orders of Holy Quran and Ahadith2 of our prophet (sws).It is the great bounty of Fiege who revealed the Holy Quran for the direction of human beings with clear revelations over prophet Muhammad (sws) who is the incarnation for all human beings a concise lessons and glade tidings for those who believe on day of resurrection/dooms day, warning and wrath for those who belie all the clear sign or verses. It is unethical if some one makes stratagems or plots in daily routine business transaction with their customers using abuse language and showing despise then he is casting his self into darkness and plunge into astray.The great triumph and avert self from seditious or humiliation is to plain business dealings and good behavior with customers. Ancient people of prophet shuaib (A. S) were famous for unethical dealings and wrong measuring and weighing of goods. They were considering adulteration, feigning and dishonesty in business transaction their triumph and r ejoice but they could not know the plot of oft-forgiver, and hence calamity seize them form where they did not know about. In the holy Quran Allah says† And to Madyan people we sent their brother shu’aib.He said: O my people, Worship Allah, you have no other ilah (god) but Him, and give not short measure or weight. I see you in prosperity and verily I fear for you the torment of a day encompassing† (surah Hud, part 12, verse no 84) â€Å"And O my people, Give full measure and weight in justice and reduce not the things that are due to the people, and do not commit mischief in the land, causing corruption. (Hud, part 12, verse,85. ) â€Å"That which is left by Allan for you (after giving the right of the people) is better for you, if you are believers.And I am not a guardian over you† (Hud, part 12, 86) 1 Book name of the Ahadith 2 Sunnah of the Holy prophet Muhammad( May Peace Be upon Him) 99 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Rese arch in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Further Quran says â€Å"He said: â€Å"O my people, Tell me if I have clear evidence from my lord and He has given me a good sustenance from Himself (shall I corrupt it by mixing it with the unlawfully earned money). I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you.I only desire reform to the best of my power. And my guidance can not come except form Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent. (Verse no, 88). Further the people of Madyan said, Quran tells us â€Å"They said: O shu’aib, we do not understand much of what you say, and we see you weak among us. Were it not for your family, we should certainly have stoned you and you are not powerful against us. †(Verse no: 92, part 12. ) On other place of the Holy Quran, Allah says, â€Å"the dwellers of Al-Aikah (place name near Madyan3) belied the Messengers. (Surah 26, part 19, verse no: 175)4 â€Å"Give full measure a nd cause no loss to others† And weigh with the true and straight balance. † (Verse no: 181,182) â€Å"And defraud not people by reducing their things, nor do evil, making corruption and mischief in the land. † Then we can see what was the requite for such a transgress nation, they could not outstripped the Quran says â€Å"And when our Commandment came, we saved Shu’aib and those who believed with him by a Mercy from Us. And As-Saihah (torment awful cry) seized the wrong doers, and they lay (dead), prostrate in their homes. (Verse no: 94, part 12. ) It is clear form the above verses that how the people of Madyan were defrauding the people in things, and they were considering short measure and weights to the people accomplishment in their business. This is a single parable a thousand of exemplary events in this regard may prove about outcast people and nations. About lawful business transaction we can see the saying of our Holy prophet (saww) 3 Nation of th e prophet Shu’aib( A. S) 4 Quran( the last revealed book) 100 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islam encourages candor and reliability in business transaction. The Holy prophet saidThe honest merchant/business man on the day of resurrection will be rewarded with prophets, pious, virtuous and martyr people†. (Tarmidhi, hadith No: 1130). Now we briefly converse the term ethics, business, business ethics, and the reason why Muslims have failed to follow the instruction of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy prophet (saww) in business dealings. . Literature review 2. 1 Ethics the word ethic is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† means custom and usage. A study what ever is right and good for humans. ( VU,2011)5. Ethics a set of moral principles which enable a person to distinguish between things which one is good and which one is bad. The term ethics i s often use as morality, morality in actions is very important constituent no behavior can be positive with out good and resonance base of ethics. Ethics also sustain behavior and it leads good attitude. Dr Sabahuddin Azmi). â€Å"We may define ethics as normative science of the conduct of human being living in societiesa science which judge this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad. Or in some similar way. William Lillie (1971). Basically the word ethics if we see it in Islamic perspective means to see what is good and bad socially as well as morally because ethics is something which play important role for making and developing an sound and pious society. (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,1994)6To be ethical it is required to have clear good judgment and responsibilities. The ethics can be covered from education, a person can get and train ethically by learning, but there is no need of some special education for ethics a person can learn form his surrounding and environm ent. To solve difficult situation and face different problem requires ethical understanding, a good human interaction needs a good and sound base of ethics, if a business want to be called an ethical accepted business, so it requires to take such action which are ethically accepted.Most people think that business has nothing to do with ethics but it business ignored the ethical standard will loose its image and not be able to survive. (Muhammad Tufail, 2009) 5 Virtual university Lahore Pakistan. 6 The great Islamic scholar and writer of 21st century 101 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 2. 2 Business Business can be defined any activity which is done for the purpose of earning profit but legitimate activity is called business.Illegal or unlawful activities not reckon in the limit of the business. In literary sense, the term business means the state of being busy; it includes all those activity which are related with production, distribution and selling of goods and services with the core object of earning profit. According L. H. Haney,† it is a human activity directed towards providing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling. † According to Urwick and Hunt they describes â€Å" business s an enterprise which makes, distributes or provides any article or services which the other members of the community need and are able and welling to pay for it. † According to R. N. Owen â€Å"It includes all the commercial and industrial activities which provide goods and services to people with the objective to earn profit. † (Saeed Nasir, 1995) 2. 3 Business ethics So for carrying all these bustles business ethics an important component to formulate particular ethical standard in the framework of commerce and then applied.So business ethics is a device use in exchange transactions to accomplish the obligations. We have seen in the de finition of the business and have already define ethics what does it mean, no it is clear that business includes all production and distribution activities relating goods and services, now we have to follow all that business morality which comes under business ethics and which Quran and saying of the prophet tell us that how we should do our dealings and what norm we should kept in mind before dealings.But we are cent percent failed to follow the ordained of fiege and the saying of the Holy prophet, because we debates on business ethics and business morality but when time comes then we ignore the verses of the Holy Quran and the action of the apostle. Being a Muslim we must see and study the Quran and sunnah,7 as we know being a Muslim that the western secular ethical values are relatively useful in this world but it is respite, and the Islamic code of ethics are much constructive not in this world but also hereafter. In this paper our core debate is to see business ethics in the ra diance of Islamic perception.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their 7 Saying and actions of the holy prophet Muhammad(sws) 102 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. We discuss it briefly. 2. 4 Different isms of secularism and the west approachWest people have the habit of labeling every fruitful growth in the world to themselves. They think that they are playing a major role in the development of the world, about the rules regulation, regarding business and trade, human rights, justice, social and economic development, for example they says that the human right concept was first emerge in Britain, which was drawn up six hundred years af ter form the advent of Islam, (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,) Lack of curiosity of our young generation is also due to the different isms which have gotten different shapes in the west.For rememorizing the lesson of Islamic ideas to our young generation require a sound and complete set of Islamic core values so It can be hoped to restand or rebuilt the mind of our young people to follow the instruction and set of laws of Islam not only in their daily and routine dealings but also in their entire life.May be there are not many people who have affected from the western sciences and arts but many secular isms which they have presented in shape of agnosticism, or atheism, logical empiricism, realism, atomism, logical positivism, existentialism, evolutionism, naturalism, empiricism, phonomenalism8, pragmatism9, behaviorism and humanism etc with great extent have embedded in present political, traditional, sciences and arts and social sciences and perceptibly these isms are lacking peop le from Islamic faiths and believes.So the reason is that we are for away from Islamic philosophy and need to know form Islamic perspective each and every subject. (Ahmad Hussain Kamal, 2002). Our whole education system is based on western thoughts; the institutions in which you people are studying are the remnants of the west, so how it can be hoped from the young generation to survive in such situation† (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1966) 2. 5Effect of secular thoughts on modern studies 8 The doctrine that human knowledge is confined to or founded on the realities or appearances presented to the senses. 9 An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. 103 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990The foundation of all modern studies have been laid down on secular thoughts, for example if we talk about medical, engineering, geology, sociology, business trade and commerce etc we are compelled to follow that thoughts which have been emerged in our life, consequently we have kept faraway from Islamic approach to study all these modern sciences. These secular thoughts are clearly moving in our bloods and causing less keenness to Islamic jurisprudence. (Dr. Ahmad Hussain , 2002). 2. 6 Theories of the secular thinkers and philosophersNiccolo Machiavelli and martin Luther two rebel minded philosophers with great extent has damage the mind of the people, similarly sir Thomas more social philosopher, with his book â€Å"utopia†, Tommaso Companella Italian philosopher and theologian, in his book â€Å"city of the sun†, with the advent of eighteen century two more rebel minded philosopher appeared, Renato Russo and Voltaire, Renato Russo published his first article in 1750 and second one in 1753 in the name of â€Å" the beginning of inequality in humans† Russo wro te his third book on the name of â€Å" social contract† in 1763.Russo was the rebel minded philosopher who was completely changed the mind of the people. Karl Marx and Angels, the founder of socialism, bolshevism, Marxism, and communism, the Britain Bradley, Green, Boozing, and Hume, German Immanuel Kant, Goethe, Friedrich Hegel, all of these were affected from thoughts and ideas of Russo. From Russo thoughts and ideas most of philosophers have presented their theories and ideas. The thoughts and ideas of Russo were rebel one, and with great extent that ideas and thoughts dented the mind of other people, and the effect of which we can see on Muslims society and traditions.The ideas of different thinkers grown, and the time came when the concept of mercantilism, capitalism and socialism born. He was the Adam smith who presented the theory of capitalism in his book â€Å"wealth of nation. † Two hundred year old concept of mercantilism which grew in 16th century, and spr ead in wide areas of sub-continents, America, south Africa and south Asia and the remote parts of the Indonesia and Australia which had effected the economic and social system now become changed in capitalism.Obviously these secular systems had drowned people into marsh. And the Adam smith just not stopped but he introduced a new theory of â€Å"freetraddism† and soon the world whole system of business dealing such as, agriculture, industry, and mineral productions came under this theory and system. Then we see john Keynes theory of saving and investing his theory was also created confusion, and wrote down a book â€Å"the general theory of employment, interest and money† in which he presented a new theory regarding economics in 1936. fter that we see a new step in the mid of 19th century which was taken by Karl Marx, by written a detailed and well grounded book in the name of â€Å"Capital† which paved the way to socialism. ( Kamal Hussain, 2002). 2. 7 104 Impa cts of secular views www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Now the nations who’s societies are built on the basis of these secular thoughts and views, the element of poison must exist there they will considered those things utilitarian for their business and trade, for their economy and society which Islam have prohibited for example, they will not discriminate between legitimate and unlawful resources on acquiring property, they will induce people towards interest, saving, making unfair earning, bribery, theft, hocus-pocus and fraud, making funds, less inclination to alms, free use of wine, alcohol, intoxicant, gambling, flesh of swine, dead animal etc. hey western people just makes rules, plans for business ethics and they implement those which are useful for them. ( Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1959) The most important thing which western theologians have permitted to use in business dealing is interest. But Islam says it is prohibited either it is in any shape or kinds the receiving and giving of Riba (interest) is unlawful dealing and the money which the person earn form it is haram10. About the origin of interest it is commonly said that it is created from those secular theories which have presented by different western philosophers in different age and time.The wealthier people considered it a easily source for making surplus money, to get the surplus money secured these wealthier people made a search for persons who could guarantee safe return of money as and when called. (Dr. Habib-ur-Rehaman, 2003) 2. 8 What Islam says about business ethics Now our core discussion on business ethics its perception in Islam, in first pages we have tried to show that what west thinks about business ethics, they says it is business morality and morality increase the profit of business concern irrespective of considering lawful and unlawful activities or dealings. We have to see first what Islam is. 2. 8. 1 Meaning of Islam The world Islam is Arabic world and its origin from SLM11 (silm) means submission, surrender, obedience, to yield, or to give one’s self up. Thus Aslama alone means â€Å"he committed himself to the will of God† salm means peace. And silm which also means â€Å"the religion of Islam. † 10 Illegitimate, unlawful 11 Islam 105 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Islam in law basically of two kinds a) a simple confession with the tongue b) the other that along with confession, there is belief in the heart and fulfillment in practice, and resignation to God. The other meaning of Islam is peace, if one submission and obedience to Allah, that one can achieve real peace of body and of mind and which bring a real peace to society at large. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999). In one Hadith in which the Prophet (SWS) rep ly on the asking of Jibrael (Gabriel (AS) narrated by Abu Hurairah, Jibrael asked, what is Islam?Allah Messenger (sws) replied, â€Å"To worship Allah alone and none else, to perform prayer (As-Salat), to give Zakat and to observe Saum (fast) during the month of Ramadan† (M. Taqi-ud-DinAl-Hilali, 1998) So Islam is the religion of Muslims. As in the holy Quran Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). Now if some one seeks another religion for himself, so Allah says â€Å"And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam.It will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be the on e of the losers†. (Surah 3, part 3, verse no 85. ) Quran says â€Å"O you believe enter perfectly into Islam and follow not the footsteps of Satan† (s2, p2 v208) The holy prophet said â€Å"Ad- Din (Islam) is the name of sincerity and will-wishi ng†. (Muslim). We can also study from the holy Quran to know what is exact meaning of Islam for this purpose these verses shows what islam is? S, 20, p16, verses, 13 to16. S 21, p1, v24.S, no 3 v no 19, s no 3 v no 85, s, no 4 v 89, s no 6 v 125, s no 12 v 101, s no 39 v 22, s no 61 v 7,s no 66 v 5. The study of tafsir of Abul A’ala Mawdodi â€Å"tafhim-ul-quran 3rd† and Tafsir of Syed Qutab Shaheed â€Å"fe zalalil quran†12 may be fruitful to fully understand the concept of Islam 2. 8. 2 Need of the prophets (messengers) To every nations Allah sent Messengers to invite them to the right path and to the worship of Allah alone, bring them out from the darkness of polytheism into the light of monotheism. All the prophets sermonized about monotheism (Tauhid) i. e. belief in the oneness of Allah.In several places in Nobel Quran tell us about this fact, Noah(Nuh) sent to his people, Hud sent to his people Ad, Salih sent to his people Thamud, Shu’aib sent to his people Madyan, Lut(lot) sent to his people Sodom, and Muhammad(sws) sent to his nation and for all mankind and jinn. The purpose of sending all these prophets to people is just to preach about Tauhid, to 12 Commentary of the holy book Quran 106 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 worship Allah and none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.And to worship Allah means to obey Him and to do all that things which He has ordained, and to abstain from all those things which He has forbidden. But the place of Prophet Muhammad (May peace be upon him) among the entire prophet is different, because Muhammad (May peace be upon him) sent for all mankind and jinn. As in noble Quran Allah says â€Å"say O Muhammad (sws): O mankind: verily, I am sent to you all as messenger of Allah† (surah no 7, verse, 158) and in another place Allah says â€Å"And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad (sws) gives you, take it and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. (Surah no 59, verse no 7) And also Allah says â€Å"Say (O Muhammad (sws) to mankind) ‘if you love Allah then follow me (accept Islamic monotheism, follow the Quran and Sunnah (legal ways of the prophet (sws), Allah will love you and forgive you of your sins. †(S. no, 3, v, no 31). (M. Muhsim khan, . M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Narrated by Abdullah Ben Amr ben Al-As, the prophet Muhammad (sws) said: Allah did not send a prophet but gratified him to lead his people to the best way which is known to him, and warn and abstain them against the worst which is known to him. (Shaikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, 1999).Now we have seen from the above what Islam is and why Allah sent Messengers, if we give more Verses and Ahadith our subject will require more time and space which we can not continue here. Now here we shall see what the business ethics concept in Islam what are those business moral ity which Islam permits and which prohibits. 2. 8. 3 Business ethics in Islam The most emphasis which is given in Islam on the ethical character of some one, if we study the holy Quran and Ahadith, we shall find a discernible verses and the saying of the holy prophet Muhammad (sws) on ethical norms and moral codes.Islam emphasized to follow these ethical norms not only in personal and family life but also to follow in business dealings and transactions. Islam is a complete way of life. It provides guidance for all activities either these are individual, social, material and moral, legal and cultural, economic and political and national or international. Islam invites the man to enter the fold of Islam without any vacillation and to follow Allah guidance in all fields of life. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999) The Quran verses and teaching of prophet tell us about the wide range of ethical norms to be followed i. . in our social contract, contract with family, in equality of the sexes, contract with individual, dealings regarding neighbors, friend, relatives, in business transactions, public 107 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 and private life, chastity of women, security of the life and property, justice, protection of honor, ethics with non-combatants, combatants, sanctity of the property, dead body, and rules regarding the declaration of war. (Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1999).In one hadith in which prophet Muhammad (sws) says â€Å"I have been sent for the purpose of good morals† In the noble Quran Allah says† ye have indeed in the messenger of Allah an excellent exemplar† (surah no 33, verse no 21. ) â€Å"The holy prophet said â€Å"the best among you is one whose character is best† (agreed). The holy prophet said â€Å"A person devoid of kindness is devoid of any good† (Muslim). Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon peop le when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) In another place the tradition of Prophet (P. B. O. H) states, â€Å"To say a good word is just a charity† (agreed).And said â€Å"Every good deed is charity† (Bukhari) The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982) The prophet reported to have said â€Å"one who has no pros of trust he does not faith and one who he does not fulfill his promise he has no Din (religion). (Tafhimul-Quran, 1994)13 â€Å"He who deceives us is not of us† (Muslim). Be expeditious in doing goods. †(Muslim). † †(Mulana Sardar Ali khan, 2004). In sh ort Islam is given too much importance on morality and ethics. 13 Commentary of the Holy book Quran. 108 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. Ideology14 of Islamic business ethics Here we shall discuss shortly about those beliefs and philosophy which Islam authorizes in business dealing and which comes under the scope of business ethics. 1. Trust 2. Legitimate resources on acquiring property. 3. Order to expenditure 4.Zakat 5. Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order. 6. Lawful earning 7. Honesty in business dealings. 8. Bounty and humanity in business contacts. 9. Satisfying all business obligations. 10. Reasonable handling of staff. 11. Mutual esteem. 12. Clear business transactions. 13. Purchasing, and buying justly. 3. 1 Trust Trust should be the first belief for every Muslim, because the faith on Tuhaid (monotheism) is the basic steps for all dealings and actions. There are three aspects of Islamic monotheism. Oneness of the lordship of Allah, to believe that there is no Lord except Almighty Allah, He is alone the reator, sustainer, planner of the universe and all that exist. Oneness of the worship of Allah, to believe that none has the right to be worshiped but Alone Allah. Oneness of the names and qualities of Allah, we must not qualify Allah except With what He or His Messenger has named or qualify him† (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Allah says in the noble Quran â€Å"And subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, it is all as a favor and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply† (surah 45, part 25, verse no, 13. â€Å"Such is Allah, your lord, none has the right to be worshiped but He, the Creator of all things, so worship Him(Alone), and He is the Trustee, disposer, of affairs, Guardian over all things,†( 14 Basic principles for business ethics in Is lam 109 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 surah 6, part,7, verse no 102. ) and other place Allah the Almighty says â€Å" Verily We have sent down the Book o you ( O Muhammad(sws) in truth: so worship Allah( Alone) by doing religious deeds sincerely for Allah’s sake only. (Surah 39, part 23, verse no 02. ) Similarly in several other places in the noble Quran we can see about the lesson of monotheism such as in surah no 01, verse no 05, part 01, surah no 02,part no 01, verse no 138, surah no 03,part 03, verse no 30,surah no 07, part 07, verse no 29, surah no 13,part 13, verse no36, surah no 16,part 14, verse no 120, surah no 22, part 17, verse no 31, surah no 24, part no18, verse no 55, surah no 29, part 20, verse no 17, surah no 30, part no 21, verse no 28, surah no 40, part no 24, verse no 14. 3. 2Legitimate resources on acquiring property The second main thing which Islam allow to his followers is rightful source of wealth and property, if some one earning so they must discriminate between lawful and unlawful source of income, this discrimination is based on such criteria that if one person earning and the other person suffering loss so Islam does not permit such kind of earning and transaction, Islam only allow those transaction in which both the parties have the benefit and their free consent. Because Islam wants impartiality between dealings. Mawdodi, 1974) As Allah Almighty says in His noble Quran â€Å"O you believe, Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent, and do not kill yourselves,. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you. † (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 29. ) â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ) â€Å"And in their properties there was t he right of the beggar who asks and the poor who does not ask others† (surah 51, part 26, verse no 19. Similarly on other places on the noble Quran we can study about the property such as, surah 2, p. 2, v. 188, surah 3,p. 4,v. 186, surah no 4, p. 4 v. 5 and 7, surah no,59,p. 28,v. 7and9, surah no 70,p. 29,v. 25. 3. 3 Order to expenditure The basic teaching of Islam tells us about spending and not collection of money, but here the purpose of spending is not that a man must spent on his or her luxury and spam works but the main point is when a person saved more than from his needs so then it is obligatory to spent that excess amount or money on the way of Allah (sake of).So Islamic concept here is totally different than other secular concepts, here Islam says if one spend for the sake of Allah, his wealth increase, and there will be blessing on his property and wealth and Allah will give 110 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and So cial Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 him recompense. We can find a several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah ordained to spend for His sake and He will requite for. Allah says in the Quran â€Å"And they ask you about what they ought to spend.Say: â€Å"that which is beyond your needs. † (Surah 2, p2, v 219. ) â€Å"Satan threatens you with poverty and orders you to commit Fahsha (evil deeds); whereas Allah promises you forgiveness from Himself and Bounty, and Allah is All Sufficient for His creatures needs, All Knower. †(Surah 2, p2, v 268. ) â€Å"And whatever you spend in good, it will be repaid to you in full, and you shall not be wronged. † (Surah 2, p2, v 272. ) â€Å"Allah will destroy Riba (interest) and will give increase for Sadaqat (charity, alms), and Allah likes not the disbeliever, sinners. (Surah 2, p2, v 276. ) Similarly in surah no 02, p2 v. 280, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, 265, surah no 02, p2 v. 271, surah no 02, p2 v. 2 67, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, surah no 30, p21 v. 39, surah no 35, p22 v. 29, 30, surah no 51, p2 6v. 19, surah no 04, p05 v. 36. Quran also teaches us about to spend for the sake of Allah. 3. 4 Zakat: Islam prohibits earning only for self and not caring the poor people in the society. Islam prevents the concentration of wealth in few hands but ensures the distribution among the poor people in a prescribed rate.Zakat15 will be collected from all those who are involved or engaged any productive business activity or having excess money or holding assets for a period of not less than one year. Islam ensures the best of social security and bring Cooperation with the rest of the community members. (Habib Ur ehman, 2003. ) Because zakat purifies the wealth and bring prosperity in a state and efface the concept of socialism and capitalism in which wealth comes under the control of one hand.In various places in the noble Quran Allah Almighty says â€Å"take Saddaqa from their wealth in order to purify them† (surah 09, verse no 103, part no 10). And other place Allah says â€Å" As – Sadaqat are only for poor Al Masakin, and those employed to collect and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined, and to free the captives, and for those in debt, and for Allah’s cause. (Surah 09, verse no 60 part no 10). In surah Baqara Almighty orders â€Å"Establish worship and pay the poor due (give zakat), (verse no 43. â€Å"Perform As-Salat and give zakat (poor due) and that is the 15 A contribution from wealth in the way of Allah. 111 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 right religion. †(Surah 98, verse no 05, part no 30. ) We can also find several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah have cleared about the ZAKAT, for example we can see the following verses in the noble book.In surah no 73, part no 29, verse no 20, surah no 58 , part no 28 , verse no 13 , surah no 41 , part no 24 , verse no 07 , surah no 33, part no 22, verse no 33 , surah no 31 , part no 21, verse no 04 , surah no 27, part no 19 verse no03,no surah no 24 , part no 18 , verse no 37 , surah no 23 , part no 18 verse no 04, surah no 22 , part no 17, verse no 41, surah no 21 , part no 17 verse no 72 , surah no 19 , part no 16 verse no 31, surah no 09 , part no 10 verse no 05 , surah no 05 , part no 06 verse no 12, surah no 04, part no 05 verse no 77, surah no 02 , part no 01 verse no 43. The main object of zakat and charity is to help those people who do not beg of people at all. In one hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah: the prophet said seven people will be shaded by Allah under shade on the day of resurrection among them one will be he who practices Charity so secretly that his left hand does not know what his right hand has given†. (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). 3. 5 Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order Islam also prohibits Mu slim from spending spam and not like a prodigal person. Islam orders to every Muslim to spend according to their needs and they must keep up the concept of parsimony.Those who are extravagant, spendthrifts and niggard persons are not like in Islam. This lesson of Islam tell us about if one person who having sufficient money and spending more than form his need may be a chance to becomes poor and nor permits any person who do act of niggardly or become a meager and do not spend to fulfill his needs but like those who go between these two way. Islam has also closed all the doors of extravagance and made clear rules and regulation for all the things which breaks down the equal distribution of wealth.Islam proscribes all those activities which brings and creates spiritual and moral problems. Allah Almighty says in his book â€Å"And those who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly but hold a medium (way) between those. † (Surah no 25, part no 19, verse no 67. ) I n other place Allah says â€Å"verily, the spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils) and the Satan is ever ungrateful to his Lord†. ( surah no 17, part no 15 verse no 27. ) so we can find several other interpretations of Fiege in different verses of the Holy Quran.Such as Surah no 07, part no 08, verse no 31, Surah no 17 , part no 15 , verse no 26 and 27, Surah no25 , part no 19 , verse no 67 , Surah no 04 , part no 04 verse no 06 , Surah no 06 , part no 08 , verse no 141. 3. 6 Lawful earnings Islam emphasis on legitimate and Halal earning. There is no compliance in Islam for those business men who conduct their business dealings through unlawful and unligitemate 112 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 means and earns profit.Islam permits only for legitimate business as Quran tells us, â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ) In surah Al-Baqarah ALLAH says â€Å"These are they who have purchased error for guidance, so their commerce was profitless. And they were not guided†(S. 2,P. 1,V. 16. ) we can also study Ahadith in which Prophet has clearly mentioned the importance of legitimate earning, one day some one asked from Holy Prophet about best sort of gains, Prophet said, a gain which a man work with his hands, and all legitimate activities. Ahmad, 1576. ) Every Muslim business men should aware from all lawful means of business and dealings. Because once Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon people when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) Islam forbids tyrannical dealing such as Riba (interest) and condemns it, Holy Quran says â€Å"Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba† (s. 2 p. 3 v. 275. ) the prophet said â€Å"may Allah send down His curse all the persons who uses, pays, witnesses and write down the Riba† (Ahmad. 24), Almighty ALLAH says, â€Å"eat up not one another’s property unjustly (stealing, robbing, deceiving etc. ) and nor give bribery to the rulers† (s. 2. p, 2 v. 188. ) so we can see from the above verses and Hadith that how Islam strictly forbids unlawful dealings and business. 3. 7 Honesty in business dealings Honesty in business dealing is also move up in Islam. There should be clear dealing between seller and buyer. If seller sells his goods or things on fake basis then he will be guilty for that. Islam condemns all fraudulent business dealings.The prophet (SAWS) in several Ahadith also prohibited his followers from doing such practices. The seller and buyer must be honest in dealings there would be no other motive which make a transaction fraudulent and in which both become guilty. Allah almighty says in His book â€Å"woe to those who give less in measure and w eight (ALMutaffifin). Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, demand full measure. And when they have to give by measure to other men give less than due. Do they not think that they will be resurrected, on a great day† (s no, 83. p no, 30. 1-6. ) In surah Nisa verse no 29, Quran says† o you believe, eat not up your property among yourselves dishonestly except it be trade amongst you, by mutual consent†. The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982). so we can find a lot to verses and Ahadith of the prophet.Some of the verses of the holy Quran may also emphasis on honesty such as. S. n0 02, 113 www. hrmars. com/journals Internati onal Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 p. 01 verse no 42, s. no 03, p 03, verse no71, s. 103, p, 30, v03, s, 33, p21, v, 08,s,04,p,05,v,107. ,s, 08,p,09,v2, . ,s, 08,p,10,v58, s,22,p1,v38. 3. 8 Bounty and humanity in business contacts Islam emphasis that one should be soft and flexible in business transaction. The dealing between buyer and seller should be on humanity basis.Both the parties either they will creditors or debtors should free to demand his money back. Islam is strictly prohibited from hard words and harsh language in business dealing. The Allah messenger said â€Å"may mercy be on him who is soft and decent in his dealing with others† several verses from the holy Quran shows that hard words and language must not be used while dealing or talking with others Allah says in His book â€Å"And be moderate in your walking and lowering your voices†(s, 31 p, 21, v 19. ) the prophet said â€Å"g ive him the best thing the best amongst you† (Muslim 3002). 3. 9Satisfying (fulfilling) all business obligations Islam strictly emphasis on fulfilling all promise because in one Ahadith prophet has reported to said: one who not fulfills his promise is a trait of hypocrite† by fulfilling promise and contact is an important thing for traders because no one can be trustworthy if he is not fulfilling his deeds. In other place the prophet said â€Å"Muslims are bound by their stipulations† if we study the holy Quran we can find a several verses which tell us about fulfilling promises surah 5 Allah Almighty says† O you who believe fulfill your obligations†( p. ,v1) we can also study about fulfilling of promise from the holy book such as in surah 53, part 27, v 37, s 68, part 29 v,39, s,21 p 17 v09, s 39 part 24 v 74, and s 48, part 26 v 10. All the things between the parties either seller or buyer must be cleared and fulfilled and not lead to any dispute and discrepancy. 3. 10 Reasonable treatment of staff. /workers Prophet (SAWS) said† the wages of the workers must be paid before the sweat dries upon his body† (Majah 2434).And other place said† I will be opponent to those persons on the day of resurrection who does not give him his due to a person who have finished work for him† Islam also teach us to give your brother as you self eat, drink as u self drink wear as u self wear and think as u self think for your self and family. This is the responsibility of the employer that he should provide all the basic things that is give him fair wages, provide him good working condition, and treat him ethically.This way Islam encourages and builds up the guts of love. 114 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. 11 Mutual respect/ esteem Give respect to others in business dealing is the dominant principle of Islam. Bus inesses that base on selfishly earning and producing and not caring the society are considered illegal. Islam also emphasis on mutual respect in dealings.In holy Quran Allah says â€Å"By no means shall you attain piety unless you spend of that which you love and whatever of goods you spend Allah knows it well† (s 3, p 4 v92) in several places in the holy Quran it is mentioned that Allah loves kindness and deal with people with kindness. In surah 03 verse no 119 and surah no 05 verse no 54 discussed about love with people. So kindness and mutual respect in business dealing is the leading principal of Islam. 3. 12 Clear business transaction and purchasing and selling justly Business an should be bound for clear business transaction. The buying and selling activities should be on mutual consent and not under coercion. Islam strictly prohibits such dealings in which both the parties are not clear. Even Quran tell us every Muslim business man if he is on dealing with other person so he must write down that agreement and must be cleared to both the parties. As the holy prophet is reported to have said â€Å"sale is not that which is done with out mutual consent sale is a sale which involve only mutual consent† (majah, 2176).Allah says in his book â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ). â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ). 4. Prohibit and illegal affairs in business transaction There are also some dealings in business which Islam considered unethical and illegal contacts and transactions. The seller must not adopt such matters which do not come under the scope of Islamic business ethics.These matters now days are very common in practice in business society. They may include. Earning from H aram (illegal activities) such as selling and buying of win, alcohol, drugs. i) ii) iii) iv) 115 Doing fraud in business dealings, Often swearing by seller for selling his products, or Showing things which are not in reality, window dressing of the products, etc. and those transactions in which parties make promise and not make it to fulfill. Hoarding to make high profit, speculative activities, and www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. , No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) Interest in which Quran strictly forbidden. Fixation of prices, Flesh of the Haram animals, Weapon which cause human destructions, Intoxicants, flesh of pig, Storing of foodstuff for future time and then sell out with the expectation to earn some profit, Fraudulent business practices for selling the products in market, Black marketing, dealings in bad condition goods and stolen goods, cheating in business dea lings, giving short measures Transactions which involve uncertainty. . Recommendation Now what is important to do especially by Muslim as well as by non-Muslim, we have exposed briefly the basic of business ethics in previous pages. Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). This religion (Islam) the old name is Din, not new. It is almost 4000 years old name which was the Din (religion) of Harat Ibrahim (A.S) who was the spiritual leader and 3/4th of the world accept the power of spiritual seniority, not only Muslims but also Jews, Christians, pagans, Zoroastrian, were agreed on his spiritual supremacy. ( Tafhimul-quran 1994) and Allah says in His book â€Å" He has chosen you and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship: it is the religion of your father Ibrahim( Abraham). It is He (Allah) who has named you Muslim both before and in this Quran † (surah 22, part 17, verse 78).Now if it is cleared that Islam not a new religion it is old one and the religion of Ibrahim. So then no doubt that Muslim and non- Muslim both should follow the rules of this religion which is Islam in their lives either these are social activities, religious activities or business dealings or worship now they are bound to follow Islamic monotheism. In the Holy Quran Allah says â€Å"he commands them for Islamic monotheism and all that Islam ordained, and forbids them form all disbelief, polytheism of all kinds that Islam has forbidden.He allows them lawful things i. e. Goods, foods deeds, and beliefs and prohibits them as unlawful things i. e. deeds, beliefs, dealings. †(Surah, 7 parts 9 verse 157). Generally for every Muslim business man we suggest these following dominant points to remember and adopt. ? Both seller and buyer must accept the supremacy of Almighty Allah, they should accept HIS sovereignty, love Him and follow whatever H E order and abstain from, in all dealings if its relate business dealing or any other moral conduct in social life www. rmars. com/journals 116 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 ? Business dealing should be pure, the trader must be cleared with other party, especially the seller in dealings must out all the things clear, he should be honest and when promised then must fulfill. Dealings should be faired not fake. Softness must be kept in mind by traders or sellers while dealings, because gentleness is the basic thing for all dealings.Do not make the basis of dealings on bribery or corruption, interest, fraud, lie, etc The seller and buyer should also put aside their dealings from all illegitimate sources such as, gambling, black marketing, speculation, stock reserve or hoarding of food, fixation of pricing and all illicit items from which Islam is prohibited. ? ? ? 5. Conclusion In today modern busines s world business ethics have their own dominant role in business society. We accept that the secular business morality is utilitarian and supposed to be relative and may give benefit to the society nd both to seller and buyer as well, but the Islamic perception on business ethics not only useful and relative but also base on humanity and work for long time. Muslims especially adopt those practices which benefit to mankind and review all the business activities which are unlawful and also harm for society and for his/her own organization. This way we can say the business world will be prosperous and will survive for long time. 117 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 7.References Dr. Ahmad Hussain Kamal, (2002). Nizam-e-Ma’Ishyat Aur Islam, (Muslim economic system) Urdu version, 1st edition, Taib Publishers Lahore Pakistan. P. 6-10 Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman, (2003). Islamic Fina ncial Instruments, 1st edition, Publisher Sardar khan welfare trust, Peshawar Cantt Pakistan. Dr. Mohammad Shafi (2000). Business and commerce in the Quran, First written for Dar al Islam Teachers’ Institute Alumni News Letter, spring. Dr. Muhammad Din, (2003). Islami Nizami Hayat, 1st edition, Urdu version, Publisher Taj Kutab Khana Peshawar Pakistan. Dr. Sabahuddin Azmi, (2010).An Islamic Approach to Business Ethics, Lecturer, College of Islamic Banking, World Al-Lootah University, Dubai. Dr. Anwar Iqbal Qurishi, (1946). Islam and the theory of Interest, Sheikh M. Ashraf Lahore. Dr. M. Najatullah Sadiqi,(1981). Ghair Sood Bankari, 4th edition, Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Muhsim khan, Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din. Al-Hilali, (1999). The Nobel Quran, English Translation of the meanings and commentary, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wa and Guidance King Fahad complex Madinah Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Ibn-e-ka thir. 2008. Tafsir Ibn-e- kathir, edition 3rd. Joseph W. Weiss (2008). Business ethics: A stakeholders and issue management approach. Edition 5th, South-Western College Publication. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Family Life in Islam, 2nd edition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Islam Basic Principles and Characteristics, 2nd edition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. 118 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 M. Tufail and M. Irfan, (2009). Business ethics: Myth and Current Approaches, Abasyn university journal of social sciences, Volume 2, No 1. M. Fazlurehman,(1967). Tejarati Sood, department of Islamic study Muslim university Aligarh. Moulana Sardar Ali Khan, (2004). Forty Hadith Studies, 2nd edition, (English version), Publisher Hira printi ng press, Muhala Jangy Peshawar Pakistan. Moulana Shafi Muhammad. (1960).Masla-e- Sood, Publisher Edara-e- Ma’arif-e- Karachi. O. C. Ferrell. (2006). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases, 7th edition, SouthWestern College Publication. Richard T. De George, History of Business ethics, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Santa Clara University Zahid, (2011). Search Quran, retrieved www. Honestzahid. blog. com Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, (1999). Indispensable Implication of Sunna and Caution against Innovation, 1st edition, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wa and Guidance Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi (1953). Islam’s moral perspective 5th edition, Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1959). Islam and the modern economic theories, 7th edition (Urdu version), Islamic publications Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1991). Islam and the Ignorant, 25th edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1994) Tafheem-ul-Quran, Irfan afzal printing press Lahore. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1998). Human Rights in Islam, 2nd dition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (2000). INTEREST, 23rd edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. 119 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 William Lillie, (1971). An introduction to ethics, 3rd edition, printed and bound by The Chaucer Press Ltd, Bungay, and Suffolk. P,2-4 120 www. hrmars. com/journals

Discovery Creative Essay

He sat lazily on the cold ceramic tiles of his bedroom, resting his back against the rigid wooden framework of his single bed. With legs outstretched, chest gently dipping up and down and his forehead submissively being supported by his fingertips, Jonas Schmidt reminisced upon the caring and affectionate figure of his father. He reflected upon their journey; a collage of memories flashed through his mind- from the struggle in fleeing Germany and the rise of Nazi power, to the hardships in attaining full Australian citizenship. Seeking refuge in Australia had eventually brought them peace- the beauty of the natural landscape, morphed with the laid-back and generous attitudes of their local community had endowed them with a new life. Together they were ready for a fresh start- until war broke out in 1939. The bloody war. The god-forsaken war. All that remained sat idly in his lap, symbolising the remnants of his father. Slowly, Jonas opened the box; he penetrated into what seemed to be the past, and lifted out the first piece of history – his father’s military uniform. Harold Schmidt wandered into the mess tent of the army base, eager to fit in with the energetic cluster of young Australian men. As he pealed back the doors of the tent, a cacophony of excited noises filled the atmosphere. Thunderous laughter resonated through the room, as men told stories of their past conquests. The clink of mugs echoed, as they acknowledged each other and proceeded to down copious amounts of alcohol. The majority of the men, dressed in the same military uniform as his own, were of the traditional background- broad shoulders, bushy hair and cheesy grins. Ecstatic faces lit up the tent, reminding Harold of the same emotion displayed by his son when they were together. Nervously, he walked up to a group of them, craving to experience the sense of mateship, understanding and acceptance that seemingly emanated from their discussions. Yet at the same time, he was fearful to discover the contrary. â€Å"Hey mate, pull up a chair and join us†, slurred one of the men at the table. â€Å"What’s ya name mate?† â€Å"Er†¦Harold. Harold Smith†, mumbled Harold nervously, not wishing to reveal his German background. The members of the circle eyed  him suspiciously; noticing his distinct physical differences and outlandish accent. â€Å"So where ya from?† â€Å"Brisbane†, he lied. The ring of uniforms erupted into laughter. â€Å"Ah mate, don’t worry, there’s no need to lie about anything here†¦right? We’re all friends.† He indicated around the circle: â€Å"Well that’s Buffer, Swarley, Bomber, Richie and Dougie- we’re all mates from before. Oh, and they call me Shelley, after the missus.† Another round of laughter shook the table. â€Å"Anyway, welcome to the gang†, he said. â€Å"We’ll look after you†. Shelley extended his hand forward.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is going to be alright†, thought Harold, as he shook the warm and assuring hand of the Australian. Suddenly, the alarm signalled to direct the soldiers to prepare to move out. â€Å"Alright lads!†, yelled Shelley, as they all stood up to leave. â€Å"Let’s kill the flamin’ Jerry and send ‘em back to where they came from!† Harold instantly gulped at the prospect of killing his own kind. Sweat saturated his uniform, as he reluctantly marched out of the tent. Jonas retreated from his dream-like state, pondering the reality of the hallucination. Solemnly, he laid the uniform down on the bed with respect. Suddenly, a flash of metal penetrated his eyes, as a crack of light from behind the curtains illuminated the jagged edges of his father’s war medals. Jonas clutched the remnants of his father firmly in his hand; once again returning to the illusory world†¦ As the lights dimmed, Harold stood apart from his platoon. Rising to the rank of First-Lieutenant, he had almost complete command over a number of his fellow soldiers, including his new-found friends. Despite regretting each time he shot an enemy German, Harold had caught the attention of his superiors. However, it was a completely different story amongst his own people. Even at this military celebration, Harold could feel the cynical gaze of the soldiers infiltrating into his inner being. Buffer, Bomber and Dougie deliberately avoided eye-contact with him. Swarley and Richie refused  to sit next to him at the table. Even Shelley eyed him apprehensively; tension developed exponentially between the two former friends. Thus, Harold stood distantly from the group. â€Å"Maybe it’s because I’m an officer now†, he thought. â€Å"Or maybe it’s because they are jealous at my medals. They may have even discovered that I am German-born.† Nevertheless, Haro ld sobbed deeply. He felt lonely. Cursed. Like an outsider. Once again, Jonas withdrew from the vision; his eyes moist, as he expressed sympathy for his father. Delicately, he positioned the medals on top of the chest pocket of the uniform, before reaching into the box once more. His hand brushed the cold crisp metal of the 6-round revolver – the standard-issue side-arm for all officers. His mind drifted away yet again†¦ â€Å"So you’re telling me you’re one of them!†, yelled Shelley, as he stood just centimetres from Harold’s face. Trust. Companionship. Expectations. All broken from the discovery of one word. â€Å"Get off me! That’s an order!† cried Harold, as he clumsily tried to free himself of the fierce headlock that Buffer and Bomber had on him. â€Å"You’ll be court marshalled for subordination!!† â€Å"Does it look like I give a damn? We’re all bloody fighting alongside a Jerry! One of THEM! The same animals that were shootin’ at us ‘bout a minute ago!† â€Å"I’m not one of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shut up! You’re not one of us! You don’t belong here!† With that, Shelley lunged forward and grabbed Harold’s revolver from the holster; muted sounds amalgamated with blurred images as a flurry of action erupted. Jonas jerked ferociously from his revelation; perspiration seeped tentatively down his neck and onto his shirt. He was almost hyperventilating now, as he endeavoured to eradicate the graphic imagery from his mind. Suddenly, the doorbell chimed. Shocked by the abrupt disturbance, he swivelled around to face the doorway. Through the translucent glass, Jonas made out the silhouette of a male figure- standing upright, proud and tall. As his mother unlocked the door, he witnessed a look of disbelief emanate from her face. â€Å"Could it be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Jonas muttered to himself, as his heart continued to race. The door opened, bringing with it†¦ †¦ a new hope.

The Efficiency of the Counter Terrorism Program in Saudi Arabia Thesis

The Efficiency of the Counter Terrorism Program in Saudi Arabia - Thesis Example Terrorism has been a major focus of nations across the globe, since the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States and various terrorist attacks throughout the world. Despite the strong desire to curb terrorism, and a ‘war on terror’, there has been no consensus definition of what terrorism entails or the most effective method to stop it. Saudi Arabia is in an unusual position, as it is a highly religious state that follows the Islamic religion, yet condemns terrorism. Although it took Saudi Arabia until 2003 to effectively respond to the terrorist threat, the state has been vigilant in fighting terrorism within its borders and overseas. Saudi Arabia’s approach to terrorism has been to fight it by using a ‘soft’ method, which focuses on the rehabilitation of extremists, their deradicalization and integration back into society. The presence of terrorism has become a strong focus of governments and the media since the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001. For most European countries finding a way of countering terrorism has been a top priority . The attacks were perceived as being immoral and were undertaken by people who were evil and wanted to destroy the way of live and values of the United States. The response was the beginning of a global war that has focused on the eradication of terrorism throughout the world. However, while this approach views terrorism as a recent event, primarily occurring against the United States, the truth is that terrorism has been present for a long time before these acts, in many different countries. 2. The aim of this paper is to examine the counter terrorism methods that have been and are being used in Saudi Arabia, with particular emphasis on the so-called ‘soft’ model of counter terrorism that has been incorporated. It is argued that Saudi Ar abia is dedicated to fighting terrorism both within its own borders and outside of them, and that their approach to combating extremism and terrorism has the potential to be highly effective. II. Literature Review There has been considerable debate in the western world whether Saudi Arabia is a friend or a foe in the so-called ‘War on Terror’. On one hand, many of the extremists who have committed acts of terrorism come from within Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Arabia is Islamic, as are those involved in terrorism. However, Saudi Arabia has also publically renounced terrorism and has been working with western countries to try and stem the rise of terrorism. Studies on Saudi Arabia’s approach to terrorism have varied in whether they consider the country’s efforts to be positive or negative, especially in relation to the way in which people who have been arrested for terrorist affiliations are treated. One report focused on the counter terrorism response of Saudi Arabia from the perspective of human rights. Saudi Arabia’s most prominent mechanism of dealing with those who are suspected of being involved with terrorist activities is their incarceration and religious reeducation. In this report, the authors focused on the fact that many individuals are detained indefinitely

Relationship between Sound and Space in I am Seating in a Room by Essay

Relationship between Sound and Space in I am Seating in a Room by Alvin Lucier - Essay Example Instead, the artists who firmly occupy one discipline – composers who compose music, artists who create visual art, and architects who fashion functional space – find themselves more readily embraced by critics and audiences. Artists whose work combines all of these disciplines however often encounter a chilly, if not confused, critical and audience response. Susan Philipsz, who won the Turner Prize in 2010, has been called the â€Å"first artist working with sound to have won the prize,† and some sound artists view this development as a positive harbinger for the discipline as a whole (Searle n.p.) Searle describes Philipsz as â€Å"just a singer, with the sort of voice you might feel lucky to come across at a folk club. But there is much more to Philipsz than a good voice. All singers, of course, are aware of the space their voice occupies, of the difference between one hall and another...But the way Philipsz sites recordings of her voice is as much to do with place as with sound† (Searle n.p.). True, Philipsz’s use of sound is extraordinary. However, Philipsz is still â€Å"singing† in the traditional sense of the word. ... Sound artists define the term polymath; they straddle multiple disciplines, including art, music, performance art, and architecture, and become masters in each. However, the critical community has not caught up to the speed at which these artists process the physical world. Aside from the occasional Burning Man performance, for the most part sound artists remain in obscurity. This reality exists because sound art by nature occupies a fractious, shadowy space between two critical perspectives that harbor two powerful biases: the visual bias of the so-called â€Å"visual† art school of criticism, and the â€Å"music† bias of the music school of criticism. Both biases persist and effectively hamstring critics to discuss one or the other, but never both. Is it art, or is it music? Is it sound, or is it art? As Cox argues, â€Å"the broader field of sound art has been ignored by musicologists, art historians, and aesthetic theorists. The open-ended sonic forms and often sit e-specific location of sound installations thwart artists musicological analysis, which remains oriented to the formal examination of discrete sound structures and performances, while the purely visual purview of art history allows its practitioners not only to disregard sound art but also to gloss over the sonic strategies of Postminimalism and Conceptualism† (Cox 146). Never mind that music itself is a form of sound – in fact, all noise that the human ear processes can be conceived of as such – yet the polarizing critical perspectives persist, to the detriment of scholars and audiences alike. As Cox explains, â€Å"sound art remains so profoundly undertheorized, and†¦has failed to generate a rich and compelling critical literature†¦because the prevailing theoretical models are inadequate to it.

Biology with citation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology with citation - Essay Example However, when oxygen is present in a very less quantity inside the muscle cells, they temporarily convert pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown for energy. This is also called as anaerobic energy production and as a result lactic acid is accumulated inside the muscle cells. Well, I was gasping because, I needed more oxygen to supply to my body cells for aerobic respiration and my legs were shaking because of a freight hormone, adrenaline – it is released when one feels some kind of fear, for example, examination fear in this case. In addition, the lactic acid accumulation increases the acidity of the muscle cells and disrupts other metabolites, and the muscle strains occur. 2.Deltoid is a three-headed muscle that caps the shoulder. The three heads are anterior, lateral and posterior heads. The anterior head is attached to the humerus, the lateral originates on the collarbone and the posterior head originates on the scapula. The deltoid muscle is a mover and a stabilizer, as it lifts the arm up and it also helps press the end of the upper arm bone into the shoulder socket. Since it has got three heads, the muscle can easily extend and flex the arm. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a poisonous chemical found mostly within the liver, ovaries, intestines and skin. This chemical is found in Fugu – a puffer fish. The fish is really tasty but it may contain poisonous parts if sold by unlicensed vendors and unskilled preparation of puffer fish. TTX chemical is heat stable and its poisonous nature is not neutralized even after cooking fish. TTX binds to and blocks Sodium channels found on tissues such as nerves and muscles. The blockage of sodium entry through these ion channels makes these tissues non-functional. If a person consumes such toxins, the severity of the symptoms depends on the amount of TTX consumed. Since there is no antitoxin available against TTX, the treatment is largely supportive by

Cellular PathologyCritical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular PathologyCritical Review - Essay Example Finally, the correlation between CDX-2 and MIB-1 was also not significant with r value of 0.29. Most of these findings were not consistent with the findings from the existing literature. There were some positive points present in this study. The author discussed the results with support of the available information. In the discussion, some points on the limitations of the study were stated very well; limitation due to small sample size and limitation due to interobserver and intra-onbserver errors which could have affected the results from visual analysis which was a subjective issue. Apart from these positive points in the account of the study, it had some weaknesses. The author discussed the role of CDX-2 in the introduction but there was no mention of the MIB-1 role and value. Due to which author, in fact, could not build a rationale for carrying out this study. Although, the study type was described as retrospective but further elaboration on the topic is missing. Who were the cases (with definition) or controls, and how were they selected Even the sample size was not mentioned in the methodology section but only in the discussion.

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example This document will attempt to focus on the literature, journals and websites that are most relevant to the issues of supply planning and control. Survey of the month: Mixed results for supply chain management jobs. (2010). IOMA’s Report on Salary Surveys, 10.5, 1-4. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/365779321?accountid=12598 The article happened to have been written by an unknown author but it contains an overview of the supply chain job and what its average salary is. According to the article, the average salary was around $90,000 and the salary has been in cumulatively over all the nations. The author lists the increase that have been realized over the past few years then goes ahead to look into other factors that may have contributed to the increase one of them being job satisfaction. In the job satisfaction there was mixed results as some industries or jobs there was an increase in job satisfaction ranging from 5%-10%. Where there was high increase in job satisfaction was in the field of logistics and the fields where job satisfaction was low the main reason was due to lack in advancement and poor payment. This article is important because it enlightens on the performance of supply chain management. It also collects the views of people about supply chain management in general. ... 37094/13A291Fa1C446390891/42?accountid=12598 The authors’ main message in this article is about customer’s satisfaction in connection with supply chain. They go ahead to highlight how a good supply chain is beneficial to the shareholder an example is how the supply chain can add value of the shareholders if it is efficient well enough. According to their research, they discovered that there was a relationship between an excellent supply chains with customer’s satisfaction. When the supply chain was excellent, customers were satisfied and through their satisfaction the shareholders value in the company increased. It is not just a matter of profit maximization as the authors attempt to see that each and every customer is happy with regard to the supply chain used. Profit can only be made through sale and it is the customers that buy the products. For this reason it is important to make sure that the customers are happy and satisfied because they are the people who determine the company’s success. In my view I think the authors here were addressing the managers so that they can take a closer look at their supply chain and see if it satisfies the customers so as to maximize the profits. Customer satisfaction is the theme in this article which is relatively an important factor to consider in the supply chain management. Christian, L. R., & Kelivin, J. D. (2010). Job types in the supply management profession. Journal of Suppy Chain Management, 46.3, 40-56. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu/login?url=http://search.prquest.com/docview/845503015?accountid=12598 The theme of this journal is to explain what is expected in supply chain jobs. In other words the journal speaks of the responsibilities that come with the supply chain job. Rosetti and Dooley in this article

Trends of electronic communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends of electronic communication - Essay Example With the help of webcams, this technology allows communicators to see one another in real time making messages more precise and understandable. It however has the disadvantage of not facilitating communication between individuals when one is offline. E-mail is a communication method that involves the exchange of messages of digital nature from one author to a single or numerous recipients. E-mails have the advantage of storing and forwarding messages, this therefore implies that both the sender and the recipient are not required to be online simultaneously to communicate. This was not however the case at the inception of e-mails when communication could only occur if both parties were online at the same time, more of what is presently the case with instant messaging. It has the advantage of storing information for future reference purposes with e-mails being used as evidence of communication if that need arises. The main advantage of e-mails however, is the inability to receive instant responses especially if the recipient is offline. Unlike e-mails and Instant Messaging, this technology enables individuals to share information with multiple users at the same time. This is unlike instant messaging where communication is on a one on one basis. Users in chat rooms usually have common interests and that makes sharing of similar information among many realistic. In as much as chat rooms allow people to communicate with multiple individuals of identical interest, it has posed a moral dilemma with users using these rooms for sexual purposes giving birth to sexual predators who hide their real identities to advance their evil sexual agenda (Thurlow, Tomic, & Lengel, 2004). Some of these rooms are moderated but the most used have no moderation whatsoever, which is a disadvantage since users could be underage individuals who should not under moderation be allowed to access the rooms, especially those of

My Depression Essay Example for Free

My Depression Essay Growing up in a small town wasnt always easy for me. I felt that I was constantly hiding and denying the person that I was and the life that I lived. I was forced to be someone that I really wasnt due to the fact that I had a family secret that I was withholding in order to protect the well-known, family name, Hutcherson. In highschool, no one but family members and close friends knew that I lived with an alcoholic father. As a child I was always taught to keep our family life secret and never let people know the struggles that our family faced. People always thought that I had the best of everything because of the material possessions I accumulated from my dad. They assumed that because our family had money, we were problem free and oh, how wrong they were! It was until my senior year at Halls High School that I kept leading people on to believe a lie. I finally got tired of feeling as though I was two different people with two different lives. After attending counseling for several months, because of the depression that had taken a tole on me, my psychiatrist helped me to realize that it wasnt my fault that my father has this addiction. I soon figured out that there was no reason to be ashamed or embarrassed for things that I had no control over. If people liked me, they should like me for the real me, not who I had been pretending to be. I learned to deal with my fathers alcohol problem by acknowledging the stages of the grieving process. Dr. Bell taught me that in order to make peace with the hardships in my life, I had to overcome each of the five processes; denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Denial was the first, and probably the hardest stage of the grieving process. It seemed as if denial overwelhmed my entire life, even from childhood. It was hard, at times, to admit that living with an alcoholic parent was a part of my life. I didnt want to accept the fact that this was a definite part of who I really was. I was ashamed and humiliated. I remember being embarrassed to tell Dr. Bell the whole truth. I also felt like by doing so, I was dishonoring my family and degrading my father. However, after I came to terms with the truth that I had been denying for so long, I felt like a ton of bricks were lifted from me. The second stage of the grieving process is anger. I can remember being so mad at Dad for putting our family through this. There were times that I hated him and wished that something bad would happen to him, just so I could go back to the life I was accustomed to living, that of lies. I blamed my mother for staying with him and giving us children no choice as to what we wanted. I envied her just about as much as I envied him. I know now, that even though she wasnt happy, she was doing what she felt she had to do, and that was support him 100%. I no longer look at this situation as something to be angry at. I see my father now, as a sick man and not one that intentionally has this horrible addiction to hurt the ones he loves. There were times that I remember bargaining with God, asking him to please take this away. I would pray at night that if he would just heal my father, I would be willing to do whatever it took to show appreciation. I would make deals with my father, Dad, if you dont drink for two weeks, I will mow the lawn for free. It was things like this that would sometimes be the only thing that gave me hope. At times, the things that I would say to my father would work, only because of the quilt that he felt, but it wouldnt be long and he would be back in the same boat he had been in for many years drinking, uncontrolably. The forth stage is depression. I have to say that this is the hardest thing I have ever faced (and still facing) in my life. Looking back now, I remember the thing that depressed me the most was thinking that things were getting better and then being disappointed again. There were times that Dad would stop drinking, sometimes weeks at a time. Though I always knew in my heart that it wasnt going to last long, I still had hope that that particular time could be different.

Young Goodman Brown | Analysis

Young Goodman Brown | Analysis The conflicts between the everyday battles and forces of good and evil are portrayed the story, Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbolic elements, from the characters names in the story and throughout until its delusional ending. They show us that sin is a part of human nature and that no man is perfect beyond any means. The presence of evil appears as Brown begins on his journey. He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind it. Forests are used to symbolize wickedness, evil and danger. The road that is to be travelled is very dark and small, and it is enveloping him as it closes swiftly behind him, displaying the abandonment of his faith. What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! This symbolizes that he is, in fact, walking along side the devil on this dreary road into the forest. Moments later a companion appears, Young tells him, Faith kept me back awhile, which explains that he had been faithful to his beliefs for some time, and then decided to cross over to the evil world. This said; it could be that this companion is in fact the devil himself, when his staff is noticed, bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be s een to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent. The staff being referred to as a serpent, can be compared to the serpent in the story of Adam and Eve. This is an excellent reference to how certain things in life can be deceitful, and the knowing of what is right and wrong. There comes a point in the story where Goodman Brown states, Is that any reason why I should quit my dear Faith, and go after her? This is when he begins to question his journey on the road between good and evil. It is then suggested by his companion, Sit here and rest yourself awhile; and when you feel like moving again, there is my staff to help you along. The devil is now leaving behind the sole key and the permission for Brown to join him in the world of evil and corruption, and then he walks away. This plays out in life as it is known today. As Browns journey into the forest continues, he hears voices and decides to hide. It vexed him the more, because he could have sworn, were such a thing possible, that he recognized the voices of the minister and Deacon Gookin, jogging along quietly, as they were wont to do, when bound to some ordination or ecclesiastical council. This is a symbolization of betrayal. With the Minister and Deacon out in the forest in the middle of the night, and the previous symbols involving the devil, Goodman Brown might have a feeling of being betrayed by his faith and feel alone. While he still gazed upward, into the deep arch of the firmament, and had lifted his hands to pray, a cloud, though no wind was stirring, hurried across the zenith, and hid the brightening stars. The thought of being abandoned overcomes him and he begins to pray to the heavens but is surrounded by the forest and its evils. The cloud symbolizes the dangers of allowing your surroundings, family and friends to become a blind fold and shield ones eyes from their beliefs. Eventually young Goodman Brown reaches the circle of the wicked, their voices joined in song. This dreadful anthem was joining the sounds of the nature and wilderness around him. Fire is represented here, which could also symbolize the anger and the passion for the fight of good and evil. The devil now begins his sermon, Depending on one anothers hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now are ye undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again my children, to the communion of your race! Even from the beginning of the story, it is foreshadowed that this whole story is in fact a dream. Hawthorne states in the beginning A lone woman is troubled with such dreams, gives an indication that this is a dream. Also, the reference to evil being a nature of mankind and of it being your only happiness is extremely wicked and satanic. The ending of the story does in the end rest the mind that this was in fact a dream. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did be become, from the night of that fearful dream. It appears that the realization of disbelief in his faith, Brown woke up and lived the rest of his life as a bitter and untrusting man. And this states that the devil got the best of him. Nathaniel Hawthorne does an excellent job utilizing symbolism in this story to depict a real life battle that many of the human race struggle with everyday. The dark forest that Brown traveled, was not just a setting in the story, but an illustration of the journey though everyday life. And Young Goodman Brown shows us that it is easier to get side tracked on the right paths and travel on the wrong side.

The Composition Of Complex Ions In Solutions

The Composition Of Complex Ions In Solutions In this experiment, we are required to determine the composition of complex ion by continuous variation method. Complex ions refer to a metal cation bonded to either one or more than one molecules. It is a stepwise process to produce the complex ion because every process has its own equilibrium constant (Gretchen E. Potts,2001). However, continuous variation method involves the continue changing of the different concentration of the solution. Besides that, spectrophotometric method can be used to quantitatively identify the unknown composition or concentration of a sample solution with compare to a sample with known concentration. Then, spectrophotometer refers to an instrument which we can use it to measure the light intensity. As we know, most of the UV-Vis spectrophotometers have a range of the wavelength between 190nm-1100nm. This range lies between UV and Visible light region. (Frans F,2004) In this instrument, it has 2 light sources. D2 and W lamp are used for UV and Visible light respectively. It will ensure that only monochromatic light will flow through the slit. Reference cuvette is used as a blank. At the end we can get the reading from the detector. Furthermore, Beer Lambert law states that when a monochromatic radiation passes through a transparent solution, the intensity of the absorbed radiation is directly proportional to the concentration (c) and the optical pathlength, (l) of the solution. So, Absorbance, A = ÃŽ µ x l x c , where ÃŽ µ is the molar absorptivity. The materials we used during the experiment are Ammonium iron (III) sulphate and Salicylic acid. Therefore, we used the following method to determine the concentration of the iron (III) salicylic acid complexes. Materials and Methods : 500 cm3 of Ammonium iron 500 cm3 of salicylic acid solution (III) sulphate solution was prepared. was prepared. Optical density of the other samples were determined using the same instrument and wavelength. The most suitable wavelength for measuring was determined. These mixture was then measured using spectrometer over the range of 350-700nm. cuvette Results : From the spectrum, the maximum peak has a wavelength of 531.5 nm. With the same wavelength, we obtained the following Absorbance for different samples and the data was recorded in the following table. Discussion : From the results above, the molecular ratio of the Fe3+- salicylic acid complex by using Jobs method was 1:1. The complex is formed by which the salicylic acid donated its lone pair electrons from hydroxyl oxygen atom to iron metal. This is because, salicylic acid is a bidentate to the metal ion. Therefore, it needed three salicylic acid to donate its lone pair electrons to the iron(III) ion. So, the complex formed is trisalicylateferrate(III). The structure will be drawn as follow : In this experiment, we measured the absorbance of our samples from UV-Vis spectrometer. The sample was poured into a cuvette. The sample was not destroy which means that with the using of this spectrometer, the sample was non- destructive. The UV- Vis light pass through the cuvette and the light was absorbed by the sample. Therefore, the sample must be in liquid form. Besides that, before mixing of Fe3+ and salicylic acid, the two solutions were colourless. However, after mixing the two solutions, the sample had a violet in colour. So, they can absorb visible light and because of the electrons from d orbital was excited from one to another electronic state. The complex gave violet in colour is because it absorbed green light and let the other light passed through. Green light is a complementary colour to the violet light, so the complex gives the maximum absorbance at wavelength 531.5 nm. In addition, we normally will select the maximum absorbance is because its sensitivity to the concentration of the solution is the greatest at the maximum wavelength. If the ÃŽ »max is not the analytical wavelength, strong radiation may be strongly absorbed and caused deviation from the Beer Lambert Law. However, in this experiment, if let say we did not use theÃŽ »max, the result we obtained from graph will not be affected much. We will also need to round off it to integer so that we can get the ratio. Furthermore, stoichiometry formula of a complex ion can be obtained through continuous variation method. Besides that, this method is actually help in the maintaining the number of moles of the sample throughout a series of different mixture in the sample. However, only different is the mole fraction of the different samples. Conclusion : The maximum peak for iron(III)-salicylic acid complex was 531.5 nm. The molecular ratio of the Fe3+- salicylic acid complex is 1 : 1

Learning Styles and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

How Did You Know That?!Learning Styles and the Brain Although most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, "the process of acquiring knowledge about the world" (1) and learning style, "...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience" (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and are subsequently affected by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a general overview of learning styles, this paper makes the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A preliminary understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific cerebral locations are associated with particular functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ different strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. "A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of a skill. A simultaneous processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then going on to specifics." (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has dictated classroom methods for decades. Traditional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and often stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously change these things, or appreciate how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous system awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educators to assess individual learning styles and to tailor strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical insight for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferred. Insight into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational system that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational reform a more attainable goal. Internet Sources: http://www.brains.org/path.htm http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~stjohn/bbs.abstract.html http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/impnexp.htm Learning Styles and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers How Did You Know That?!Learning Styles and the Brain Although most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, "the process of acquiring knowledge about the world" (1) and learning style, "...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience" (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and are subsequently affected by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a general overview of learning styles, this paper makes the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A preliminary understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific cerebral locations are associated with particular functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ different strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. "A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of a skill. A simultaneous processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then going on to specifics." (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has dictated classroom methods for decades. Traditional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and often stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously change these things, or appreciate how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous system awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educators to assess individual learning styles and to tailor strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical insight for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferred. Insight into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational system that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational reform a more attainable goal. Internet Sources: http://www.brains.org/path.htm http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~stjohn/bbs.abstract.html http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/impnexp.htm